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The Harxheim emigrants can be divided into three groups based on their destination and the period in which they emigrated. The first group emigrated to Galicia (present-day southern Poland or western Ukraine) in 1783, the second to Brazil between 1825 and 1828, and the third to the United States of America between 1840 and 1896.<\/p>\n
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“We Joseph the Other … hereby announce to everyone that We possess in Our Kingdoms of Hungary, Galicia and Lodomeria many unoccupied, empty and desolate territories, which We are willing to settle with German members of the Empire …”. With these words begins the settlement patent issued by Emperor Joseph II on September 21, 1782, with which he sought settlers, among others, for his crown land in Galicia, which had been awarded to Austria in 1772 after the first Polish partition. During the so-called “Josephinian colonization” (1782 to 1785), about 15,000 settlers, mainly from the Palatinate, settled in this area. From Harxheim 31 persons emigrated in 1783: Christian Acker with two more persons, Jakob Ackermann with five more persons, Michael Deutschmann from Mauer with four more persons, Kaspar Karl with five more persons, Reinhard Schl\u00f6sser, also from Mauer, with seven more persons and Konrad Weidl with two more persons. In letters, imperial commissioners explicitly asked other sovereigns to allow their subjects to leave for Galicia.<\/p>\n
Some motives for leaving the old homeland can certainly be found in the already mentioned settlement patent of Emperor Joseph II. In it, the emperor not only promised the settlers “perfect freedom of conscience and religion,” but also land ownership, which meant that, unlike in the old homeland, they were free farmers on their own piece of land. Of further importance was certainly the promise to exempt the eldest son from military service as well as tax exemption for ten years. Article six also provided for “free transportation to the place of settlement” from Vienna. For this reason, it can be assumed that the Harxheim emigrants also chose this route and covered the distance between Ulm and Vienna on so-called Ulmer Schachteln – barges that were only used for the one journey from Ulm to Vienna and whose wood was processed afterwards. Once they arrived in Galicia, the settlers had to deal with a number of problems: some areas first had to be reclaimed, and the construction of residential and farm buildings was also massively delayed. Furthermore, contrary to what was promised in the settlement patent, the settlers had to pay taxes after only two to four years, so that the first 15 years were characterized by hunger and hardship, which caused some to continue their journey to Russia or Hungary, for example. Only the second and third generations succeeded in improving the economic situation.<\/p>\n
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“We are now starting the journey to the country of Brazil”.<\/p>\n
Similar to the case of the Josephinian colonization to Galicia, after Brazil’s independence in 1822, the new Brazilian Emperor Pedro I and his Habsburg wife Leopoldine tried to find settlers for their empire by promising privileges. In addition to personal reasons, the difficult economic situation in the home country was a major motive for emigrants to leave their homeland. A rapid increase in population as well as the practice of real division led to an ever greater fragmentation and consequent reduction in the size of agricultural landholdings, which resulted in economic hardship and poverty. Certainly with the hope of starting a better life, at least nine people from Harxheim also set out in the first of a total of three emigration waves (1817-1830): Michael Deiss emigrated to Brazil in 1825 with six children. Georg Becker emigrated in 1828 with his wife Anna Elisabeth (n\u00e9e Meisterling from Wahlheim). Whether and to what extent the emigration agents of the German Major Dr. Georg Anton Sch\u00e4ffers, who recruited settlers on behalf of the Brazilian monarchy from 1823 on, were involved in the emigration of the Harxheimers cannot be proven, but it is not unlikely. It is certain that for emigration there had to be a state permit.<\/p>\n
The arduous journey, which lasted several months and which many emigrants did not survive, presumably went from Bremen or Bremerhaven to Rio de Janeiro. From here they traveled on smaller ships to the southern states of Rio Grande de Sol, Paran\u00e1, and Santa Catarina, where numerous German communities were established and a large percentage of the population still has German ancestors.<\/p>\n
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The land of opportunity<\/p>\n
Unlike the emigrants to Galicia and Brazil, who emigrated within a relatively short period of time, Harxheimers emigrated to what is now the United States of America from 1840 onwards, whereby temporal focuses can be determined. The group of emigrants to the USA also represents the largest in terms of numbers, with 78 people.<\/p>\n
According to sources, the first Harxheimers to emigrate to the United States were the 36-year-old farmer Jacob Schneider, who traveled to America in February 1840 together with his 27-year-old wife Catharina (n\u00e9e. Finkenauer) and their three children Anna Regina (4 years), Philipp Jacob (2 years) and Catharina (3 months), as well as the 62-year-old Justus Schneider, whose occupation is also given as Ackersmann and who emigrated with his 60-year-old wife Catharina (n\u00e9e Hofmann). The motive of their emigration and that of the other emigrants of the 1840s may be similar to that of the Brazil emigrants in the economic hardship created by population growth and real division. Another aspect that worsened the economic situation of many was the freedom of trade introduced in the Napoleonic period, which led to many crafts being overstaffed. For the government of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, to which Harxheim belonged at this time, emigration represented a “social overpressure valve” (Schmahl) and was therefore, according to the then Hessian Minister of the Interior du Thil, a good way to deal with the “greatest evil from which a state can suffer” – namely overpopulation. It is difficult to say whether political motives connected with the ideas of Vorm\u00e4rz also played a role in the emigration.<\/p>\n
In 1843, a total of 29 people emigrated from Harxheim to the USA, making this the year with the highest number of emigrants. Considering that Harxheim had about 400 inhabitants at that time, more than 7 percent of the inhabitants left their village in a short period of time. January was already the month with the most emigrants, namely ten. In January 1843, the 60-year-old Nikolaus Ackermann and the 25-year-old blacksmith Andreas Schneider, born in Obermoos\/Upper Hesse, left with his wife Catharina (n\u00e9e Deis) and their children Andreas (13 years), Maria (8 years) and Sophia (3 years). Melchior Schneider, a 28-year-old farmer, also left his old home with his wife Regina Margarete (n\u00e9e Schneider) and two children, whose ages are not known. In February, Johann, a manual laborer born in 1795, was followed by his six children, Jacob Friedrich (age 24), Anna Sophia (age 21), Catharina Clara (age 20), Johann Nikolaus (age 18), Johann (age 16), and Heinrich (age 11). The 50-year-old farmer Johann Knu\u00dfmann finally emigrated in December with his wife Anna Maria (n\u00e9e S\u00e4nger from Elsheim) and their children Catharina (age 21), Anna Maria (age 20), Joachim (age 14) and Christine (age 12). In which month of 1843 Jacob Schenkelberger, born in 1801, emigrated with his wife Maria Sophia (n\u00e9e Ebeling) and their four minor children, the oldest of whom was 17 years old, is not clear from the sources.<\/p>\n
Between 1844 and 1860, according to sources, no other Harxheimers made their way to the United States of America. This is remarkable because in 1842 the “Association for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas”, in short “Mainzer Adelsverein”, was founded in Biebrich Castle with the aim to settle German emigrants in Texas. Between 1844 and 1847 about 7,400 Germans followed its call.<\/p>\n
The next year clearly indicated in the sources is 1860, when in April the blacksmith Franz Lang emigrated together with his wife Margarete (n\u00e9e Holzenthal) and his son Franz (20 years old). The 45-year-old day laborer Jacob Friedrich II emigrated in August 1862 with his wife Anna Maria (n\u00e9e G\u00f6th) and their children Jacob II (14 years) and Barbara II (10 years). In March 1863, the 35-year-old farmer Georg Konrad III left his old home with his wife Christine Philippine (41 years) and their six children Apollonia (13 years), Peter (11 years), Katharine (9 years), Martin (5 years), Johann Baptist (4 years) and Jacob, who was only one month old. Two years later in March 1865, 43-year-old farmer Jacob Happel emigrated together with his wife Marianna (n\u00e9e Fries, age 36) and their children Anna Marie (age 14), Jacob (age 12), Adam (age 11), Regine (age 10), Georg (age 9), Anna (age 4) and Karl (age 3). In May 1868, 23-year-old Christian Wenz emigrated to New York. The 24-year-old shoemaker Friedrich Peter Schneider emigrated in April 1870. Also in the 1860s, economic hardships were certainly a major reason for migration to the United States of America. Repeated crop failures (1846 and 1853) in particular caused prices of staple foods to rise sharply, leading to famine and impoverishment of large segments of the population. To what extent the phenomenon of so-called chain migration also played a role is difficult to say. By the term “chain migration” is meant that those who stayed behind also decided to emigrate due to positive news from those who had already emigrated. In the new homeland, they then often settled near them. <\/p>\n
It is not known when Andreas Dei\u00df emigrated with his wife and two children and Johann Adam Eifler with his wife Anna Maria (n\u00e9e Schneider) and seven children, the oldest of whom was 12 years old. The emigration date of Johann Melchior Goehring is also not mentioned in the sources, he died in 1904 at the age of 79. Jacob Schafbuch died in 1893 at the age of 78 on his farm in Murenga in what is now the state of Iowa, and Christian Sch\u00e4fbuck died in 1896 at the age of 82 in New York\/Buffalo. It is also not known for these two when they emigrated to the United States.<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_tab][\/et_pb_tabs][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”1px||4px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” text_font_size=”11px” min_height=”10.8px” custom_margin=”||8px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]References:<\/strong>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.21.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font_size=”9px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Acker, Christian (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4507171&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Ackermann, Jakob (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v5032937&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Ackermann, Nicholas (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4161948&icomefrom=search<\/a> <\/p>\n Arnold, Constantine. Marriage Habits of German Emigrants in Brazil in the 19th Century (Feb. 3, 2023). https:\/\/www.auswanderung-rlp.de\/ziele-der-auswanderung\/auswanderung-nach-brasilien\/heiratsgewohnheiten-deutscher-auswanderer-in-brasilien-im-19-jahrhundert.htm<\/a><\/p>\n Dei\u00df, Andreas (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v5035793&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Deiss, Michael (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v1738788&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Deutschmann, Michael (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/einfachsuchen.action?pageName=einfachesuche&methodName=einfach&rechercheBean.defaultfield=&rechercheBean.defaultfield_widget=Deutschmann+harxheim&researchBean.from=&researchBean.to=&researchBean.easySearchRadioName=all&__checkbox_researchBean.hasdigi=true<\/a><\/p>\n Eifler, Anna Maria (n\u00e9e Schneider) (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v1569096&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Eifler, Johann Adam (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v225588&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Genealogy – Emigrants (31 January 2023). https:\/\/landesarchiv.hessen.de\/nutzen-forschen\/genealogie\/besondere-personengruppen\/auswanderer<\/a><\/p>\n Goehring, Johann Melchior (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v5550724&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Adam (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v884526&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Anna (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3566517&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Anna Marie (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2640275&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Georg (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v230876&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Jacob (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3330910&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Jacob (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4226572&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Karl (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3992003&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Marianne (n\u00e9e Frie\u00df) (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4510492&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Happel, Regine (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v230918&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Heinz, Hans Christian. “There is nothing to get in Pohlen”. Notes on the Emigration from the Palatinate to Galicia and on the German Settlements There (February 2, 2023). https:\/\/www.galizien-deutsche.de\/hochgeladen\/dateien\/Historischer_Abriss_DEUTSCH.H%20.C.Heinz.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n Karl, Kaspar (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4856899&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Anna Maria (n\u00e9e S\u00e4nger) (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4226151&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Anna Maria (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4510716&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Catharina (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3823921&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Christine (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2203355&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Johann (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v222045&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Knu\u00dfmann, Joachim (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3331119&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Lang, Franz (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2854243&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Lang, Franz (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4164979&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Lang, Margarete (n\u00e9e Holzenthal) (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3010029&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Leib, Anna Maria (n\u00e9e G\u00f6th) (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v5386332&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Leib, Barbara II (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v229099&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Leib, Jacob II (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2419633&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Leib, Jacob Frederick II (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v227976&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Mahlerwein, Gunter. 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The German Settlements in Galicia (February 2, 2023). https:\/\/www.galizien-deutsche.de\/hochgeladen\/dateien\/Deutsche-Siedlungen-Landwirtschaft-Doerfer-Galizien.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Anna Sophia (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4506176&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Catharina Clara (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v223213&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Jacob Friederich (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2863976&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Johann (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2206620&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Johann (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2640530&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Johann Nikolaus (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3665808&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Runkel, Heinrich (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v1646210&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Sheep Book, Jacob (Feb. 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v4860516&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Sch\u00e4fbuck, Christian (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v229107&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Schenkelberger, Jacob (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v2206621&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Schenkelberger, Maria Sophia (February 1, 2023). https:\/\/arcinsys.hessen.de\/arcinsys\/detailAction.action?detailid=v3985710&icomefrom=search<\/a><\/p>\n Schmahl, Helmut (February 4, 2023). 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